Part two of the Multi-Level Study of a Pediatric Population Attending a Teaching Hospital in South-South Nigeria (MuSPePATHS), published in Ukwuru Public Health, reveals the alarming prevalence of both communicable and non-communicable diseases among pediatric patients.

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The study analyzed records from 1,000 children, revealing that the most prevalent disease was neonatal sepsis, which affected 5.5% of the children. This bacterial infection, which commonly affects newborns, is known for its high mortality rate if untreated. Neurological disorders had the highest overall prevalence at 28.3%, with epilepsy being a common comorbidity, found in 7.4% of children. In total, neurological, hematological, and respiratory diseases were found to be the most frequent diagnoses.

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A significant finding of the study is the association between young age and disease prevalence. Children under the age of five were the most vulnerable, presenting with a wide array of illnesses. There was also a strong correlation between lower educational status and disease burden. Children who were not attending school were more likely to suffer from serious illnesses such as respiratory and neurological conditions, underlining the complex interplay between poverty, education, and health outcomes.

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The study also highlights the impact of non-communicable diseases (61%), with many children affected by non-pathogenic causes, particularly neurological disorders. Interestingly, there was no significant gender-based difference in disease prevalence, indicating that both boys and girls in the region are equally susceptible to illness.

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The researchers urge public health professionals to focus on health education and disease prevention, particularly for families with young children. Promoting hygiene practices, improving access to clean water, and educating parents on early symptom detection could help reduce the burden of preventable diseases. Investments in child health must also address the socio-economic factors that prevent children from receiving adequate care and education.

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This comprehensive study provides a vital roadmap for health interventions in Nigeria, with the potential to improve health outcomes for the region’s most vulnerable population—its children.